IAS Main 2017 ENGLISH Comp. ANSWER KEY with Explanations

Divya Rudraksh INSTITUTE OF ENGLISH  (An Institute of Descriptive & Objective English)

            IAS MAIN EXAM – 2017

                ENGLISH Compulsory

 ANSWER KEY WITH EXPLANATIONS

                FOR THE FIRST TIME IN INDIA

Prepared By – Yogendra Barthunia (Exp. 19 yrs.)

                     Triveni Nagar, Gopalpura Road, Jaipur

                 Mob. No. 8233955973, 7976022816

  www.divyarudraksh.com

 प्रिय विद्यार्थियों , 

हमारे संस्थान द्वारा इस वर्ष IAS Main Exam 2016 English Answer Key और RAS Main 2016 English Answer Key जारी करने के बाद मेने एक के बाद एक पोस्ट डाली थी कि सभी IAS , RAS , MPPSC और UPPSC आदि परीक्षाओं की तैयारी कराने वाले संस्थान Main Exam की Descriptive Answer Key  जारी क्यों नहीं करते हैं। ये लोग क्यों इतना डरते हैं । परीक्षा के बाद बहुत से विद्यार्थियों ने कई बड़े छोटे कोचिंग संस्थाओं में फोन किया लेकिन कोई भी उत्तर कुंजी जारी करने को तैयार नहीं हुआ। 
खैर हमारे संस्थान द्वारा जारी IAS Main Exam 2017 ENGLISH Comp. की Answer Key आज आपको जारी की जा रही है। वैसे ये हमने 1st Nov. को जिस दिन पेपर सम्पन्न हुआ था उसी दिन तैयार कर दी थी लेकिन पूरे पांच दिन इंतजार किया कि शायद कोई और संस्थान भी जो IAS,  RAS , MPPSC , UPPSC   Main की कोचिंग देते हैं , जारी करे । लेकिन जो सोचा था वैसा ही हुआ सभी अंग्रेजी के अध्यापकों ने हाथ खड़े कर दिये। सोचो जब ये शिक्षक स्वयं पेपर हल नहीं कर सकते तो इनसे पढ़ने वाले विद्यार्थियों के भविष्य का क्या ......  ??? 
मुझे आशा है , HINDI Medium के विद्यार्थी जिन्होंने परीक्षा दी है , उनको अपने उत्तरों का मूल्यांकन करने में ये Answer Key लाभप्रद सिद्ध होगी। 

IAS Main 2017 पेपर समीक्षा ( Review )
अब बात करते हैं  2017 के English Comp. के पेपर की , पहले प्रश्न में दिये गए चारों निबन्ध में से तीन जनरल टॉपिक पर थे सिर्फ 1st Option को छोड़कर। पहला टॉपिक हाल ही में भारत मे हुए आर्थिक सुधारों ( Recent Economic Reforms in India ) पर था,  जो  पूर्णतया GS का टॉपिक है। जिस विद्यार्थी ने इसे GS में सही तरीके से पढ़ा हो तो वो आसानी से लिख सकता है। अन्यथा बाकी के तीन टॉपिक्स में से चुन सकता है। 
दूसरा प्रश्न passage का था जो प्राचीन काल मे भ्रमण ( पर्यटन ) के उद्देश्यों , Steam , Combustion and Jet propulsion Engine के आविष्कार के बाद भ्रमण पर पड़ने वाले प्रभाव, 1947 के बाद भारत मे पर्यटन का विकास और वर्तमान में पर्यटन के भविष्य के बारे में लिखा गया है। 
जो कि बेहद सरल गद्यांश है और प्रश्न भी सरल तरीके से पूछे गए हैं। 
तीसरा प्रश्न हर बार की तरह Precis writing का था जिसमे अब की बार का गद्यांश British Philosopher Bertrand Russell की प्रसिद्ध पुस्तक " The Conquest Of Happiness " से ज्यों का त्यों लिया गया है। जो कि सरल है। 

     चौथे और पांचवे प्रश्न में 50 प्रश्न अंग्रेजी ग्रामर के थे जो कि बेहद सरल थे। यदि अंको की बात करें तो पूरे पेपर से 150 अंक आसानी से प्राप्त किये जा सकते हैं जबकि आपको क्वालीफाई के लिये सिर्फ 25% अंक अर्थात 75 अंक लाने होते हैं। यदि ये भी प्राप्त नहीं  होते हैं तो आप विचार करें ........... 

ANSWER KEY में यदि Typing Related या कोई Other Mistake हो या अन्य किसी प्रश्न की व्याख्या जरूरी हो तो अवश्य बताना। जहाँ Explanation आवश्यक है वहाँ दी गयी है । मानवीय भूल हो सकती है अतः Accuracy 99% ही मानी जायेगी। 

Note - IAS Main 2018 और RAS Main 2017 की Original Test Series ऑनलाइन और ऑफलाइन दोनो Mode पर जारी है।

YOGENDRA BARTHUNIA

Divya Rudraksh Institute Of English

Jaipur, PH – 8233955973 , 7976022816

1.  Write an essay in about 600 words on any one of the following topics:        100

(a) Recent Economic Reforms in India

(b) Threats to Environment

(c) Uses and Abuses of Social Networking

(d) Caring for the Aged

(a) RECENT ECONOMIC REFORMS IN INDIA

India has emerged as the fastest growing major economy in the world as per the Central Statistics Organisation (CSO) and International Monetary Fund (IMF). The Government of India has forecasted that the Indian economy will grow by 7.1 per cent in FY 2016-17 As per the Economic Survey 2016-17. Mr. Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India, has launched the Make in India initiative with an aim to boost the manufacturing sector of Indian economy, to increase the purchasing power of an average Indian consumer, which would further boost demand, and hence spur development, in addition to benefiting investors.

The list is long and expanding: reforms in agricultural marketing and agricultural insurance, introduction and expansion of direct benefits transfer and the corresponding decline in PDS and NREGA corruption, bankruptcy code, beginning of direct tax reform (reduction in corporate taxes with promise of a major direct tax reform next year), GST, New Import – Export Policy 2015-2020, FDI, UJALA Yojna to control deficit of electricity companies, Deregulate diesel, petrol, natural gas, kerosene and fertilizer pricing, allow more than 50% foreign investment in insurance, defence, railway, and direct retail e-commerce etc. There are some remarkable recent economic reforms in India.

Demonetisation- Last year on November 8, the Prime Minister scrapped old Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes to what he called a step to root-out black money and fake currency in the system. Six months later, it was noticed that the move couldn’t achieve the desired results as fake currencies were still running and corruption was still rampant. However, the government succeeded in profiling the people by getting to know the differences between actual flow of money and the undeclared money. Recently, it was reported that India has more car buyers than the taxpayers in the country.

Goods and Services Tax- The GST bill, which is scheduled to be effective from July 1, is the biggest tax reform being undertaken since Independence. It will subsume all indirect taxes to create one rate and integrate the country into a single market. Once the GST is in force, it will replace at least 17 state and federal taxes and bring them under single unified tax structure.

GST is a comprehensive indirect tax on manufacture, sale and consumption of goods and services throughout India to replace taxes levied by the central and state governments. It is expected to bring about a qualitative change in the tax system by redistributing the burden of taxation equitably between manufacturing and services.

Jan Dhan Accounts (JAM)- On 15 August 2014, PM Modi launched his first flagship programme called Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana which was country’s National Mission for financial inclusion to ensure access to financial services, namely savings accounts, remittance, credit, insurance, pension in an affordable manner.

PM move was to provide access to formal banking services to more than 15 per cent of the unbanked population in the country.

Affordable Housing- After promising banking for all, PM Modi launched another flagship housing scheme ‘Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awas Yojna’ with the aim of providing ‘Housing For All’ by 2022. The scheme was designed entirely for the rural masses. The ambitious scheme aimed to provide affordable houses to 4 crore people living below the poverty line.

Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana- Gram Jyoti Yojana was launched to ensure round the clock electricity supply to farmers and rural households. The scheme was kick-started by the Prime Minister on 25 July 2015. The programme was expected to initiate much awaited reforms in the rural areas.

PM Ujjwala Yojana- Last year on May 1, PM Modi launched an ambitious social welfare scheme- Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana- with the aim of providing 5 crore LPG connections to women below the poverty line across the country.

This structural change has occurred across various dimensions, and is continuing. The macro economy: In terms of growth and inflation, the combination suggests that the Indian macro economy, today, is the best it has ever been. These policies add up to more far-reaching reforms than the cumulative economic reforms introduced in India between 1991 and 2014. In other words, the last three years have brought about more reforms than the sum total of the previous 25 years.

Answer-1.

 (b) Threats to Environment

Climate change is first and foremost an issue. It is affecting us in ways that we can see and feel. We might have noticed that the weather’s been hotter than usual, or we might have noticed a drought in our area or conversely, unusual storms. Furthermore, even small temperature changes are causing crops to die, decreasing the amount of food available. On top of all that, higher temps are causing the polar icecaps to melt, flooding certain areas and leading to an imbalance for wildlife. Global warming is causing these incidents.

So we know the threat is real, but what can we do to prevent climate change from being exacerbated (raised) even more? Some small steps we can take in our own life are to use less electricity by turning off your lights when we don’t need them, driving less and switching to LED bulbs. On a more global scale, leaders have come to an agreement on how to curb the harmful greenhouse gases each nation emits into the atmosphere, and steps are being taken to plant more forest. Every bit helps, but in order for us to reverse the current course the Earth is on.

We need more forests, trees are being uprooted at an alarming rate. Deforestation is a rapidly growing problem in the world. Not only does this mean less trees, less cleansing oxygen, and the displacement of the wildlife, deforestation means a dangerous decrease in a natural fighter of global warming. Removing trees also leads to much drier climates, as trees extract groundwater to release into the air.

Our tropical rainforests, which are crucial to stabilizing the climate and to human survival, are being chopped down at a breakneck pace- one and a half acres of rainforest are lost every second. Humans have already chopped down about 50% of the rainforests that once existed on the planet and at the current rate of destruction, we will completely destroy the rainforests in the next 40 years. If rainforests are so important, why are they being destroyed so carelessly? Short-sighted governments and multi-national logging companies only see the forests as a way to make money by selling timber- they don’t consider the long-term effects.

Pollution comes in many forms and no matter where we live, we’ve probably seen some forms of it. The main reason for why pollution has gotten so out of control is that our desire for more “stuff” has led to our stuff being thrown away at an alarming and unnecessary rate. The first thing we can all do to reduce the amount of pollution in our streets, air and water is to make a mental change. Before buying a new product, ask ourselves if we really need to or if we might be able to purchase it secondhand. It could make a big difference in the amount of trash. If everyone adopted this easy principle, the world would be in a much better place.

Each species has a role in our planet, and when one dies out, it can have catastrophic effects on the rest of us. This particular problem is more difficult for individuals to combat but we can start by educating ourselves with the facts and donating to organizations like the World Wildlife Fund that facilitate the preservation of animals on the brink of extinction. This problem is also closely linked to deforestation and unchecked habitat destruction so by fighting those issues, we can also slow down loss of biodiversity.

Another dangerous problem is melting polar ice-caps, which in turn causes rising sea levels. If ice melted, where would it go? We guessed it – our oceans. We might think that rising tides are not only a problem for people in a few isolated areas, but major cities can be underwater soon if we don’t do something soon.

Explosive Population Growth is also a threat to environment. The human population is growing to a point that our society and systems can’t handle. If everyone are more conscious of the fact that our limited resources need to be shared. Another example is our world food supply. Statistics show that we have enough food to feed everyone on the planet but we end up wasting so much that others go without.

Hence it must be controlled by spreading awareness among common people. Pollution is harmful for all and therefore joint effort should be made to sweep away all kinds of pollution.

Answer-2.

(b) Threats to Environment

The most crucial threat to our environment today is pollution. Everywhere we go we can see the earth being polluted in some type of way. Whenever we pass by a chemical plant, the fumes in the air are so foul that they make our head hurt. we can hardly breathe while we are inside of a car passing through the contamination. So just think of how bad it is for every living thing outside in the open air. Automobiles release a gas called carbon monoxide that can be poisonous and harmful to us. Still, millions of people drive to work everyday because that is the most efficient travel they can use. This neglect for safer transportation causes more and more pollution as the years go by. Not only do we as humans pollute our environment involuntary, but a lot of times people will litter just because they are to lazy to throw their trash away. How many times do we see trash thrown on the streets somewhere whenever we are traveling? We can’t count how many times because they are so numerous. Littering not only hurts our environment, but it harms everything living inside of that environment. Animals who are looking for a bite to eat accidentally chew on the trash that we leave on the ground and choke to death. The ocean gets polluted all the time and people seem to care less. Yet, when we destroy the sea creatures and their ecosystem, we end up hurting ourselves as well. There may not be enough fish for us to eat in years to come. Who knows the extent of the damages we have done to our environment?

The only way we can reverse the process is if we start now. Already, technology is trying to improve our transportation systems by creating devices such as the electronic automobile, which is a car run by electricity instead of by fuel. There are also some ways we won’t have to pollute the air by using fossil fuels instead of burning chemicals in the air. There are different ways to generate electricity. We can have solar electricity, which is powered by the sun. Wind mills can generate wind electricity to supply our homes with electricity. There are probably much more techniques that we haven’t even came up with. So funding different research programs dealing with the environment would be very beneficial as well. Although people are supposed to hold themselves accountable for littering, we can help make their decision much easier if only we provided more choices for them. We use to see recycling bins all around the community. Now we rarely see a trash when we look out the window of a car.

The government can play a big role on improving the environment if they purchased waste baskets and recycling bins to place inside and outside of every place of business, in every community, and near every highway. On numerous containers and plastic bottles we usually see a sign at the bottom that says, “Please Recycle.” The only problem with that is there aren't’t enough places that have containers to recycle in. The people we know who recycle do it on their own. They have to separate their trash themselves and drive it to the recycling place. That is too much work for a lot of people . So they just decide not to recycle. Once we have the facilities and provide the containers to recycle, then we know that the littering problem will improve dramatically. Just taking one step at a time to a safer and cleaner environment can cause a major difference.

(c) Uses and Abuses of Social Networking

Social networking is the practice of expanding the number of one’s business and social contacts by making connections through individuals, often through social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Whatsapp, LinkedIn, Skype, Google+ and so on. These sites have connected people as never before, and given people the power to manage their own lives and careers in ways that were not possible in the past. These sites have made us less dependent on institutions like government and workplace bosses and liberated millions to be in a better position to build their own private civilizations.

Many people, especially from the new 21^st century generation make the social media as a a place to show of their richness, their ability to do something, and to become famous instantly. In the other side there’s also people who do just natural just they are but they’re famous because of their talents.

Every social media have their own purpose. For example, YouTube is a social media who embrace the use of video as a communications media. In the other side, Instagram offer the use of Photo (and now short videos) as a communication media. Meanwhile when it comes to professional world and get connected to people and friends, then LinkedIn and Facebook can be in the top of the chart. Several talented people who wizard at their career or job can get benefit from the right social media. People who do arts and design on Instagram, with routine post and consistent posting materials can get to 500k followers. Meanwhile people who do photography on Instagram, where photos speak for themselves, can get to more followers. Difference with Instagram, YouTube can embrace people who are good at public speaking and filmology. And people who do advance in those matters can get more viewers and followers in YouTube rather than in Instagram.

When Social Media used wrongly, then the benefit will fade out and disadvantage will come. We’ve heard about several crimes committed from social media, whether it’s from Facebook, Twitter, online dating site, and so on. The crimes just not a physical crime, like thieving, or some kind of murdering etc, but actually from sharing illegal site for underage, showing pornography to the society, and other cyber crime can threatens the law and humanity and also give an opportunity for crime to happens furthermore.

Social media is as prone to misuse as your computer is to virus. A new practice has developed in the social media, of its misuse for defaming people, groups, religion, communities and celebrities. Fake accounts are being made and untrue stories are being spread. ‘Hacking at home’ has led to stealing of passwords and accessing the private lives of others, leading to relationship woes and even divorces.

In conclusions, we can say that social media can brings more goods than harms itself, when people realize what they can get and using it right. The age limit from social media is not border for us to go to social media. I mean when the age limit is 17, that people have to be at least 17 to join the media, because maybe people already know and able to decide for themselves what’s good and what’s not. We don’t have to use all the social media platfarms, but we only have to use some social media, which can connected us to what our purpose is. When we want to connected with friends and family, then Facebok is a good choice. When we want to show our photograph and our artwork we can use Instagram at its best. And when we want to train our public speaking skill, or want our voice to be heard, then YouTube is perfect for you. Using it right, bring the benefit to yourself and others.

(d) Caring for the Aged

‘When grace is joined with wrinkles, it is adorable. There is an unspeakable dawn in happy old age.’ Aged is a reference to old people who have crossed middle age. This is a reference to the characteristic of old age as an adjective. The old age is an integral part of human life. It is the evening of life. It is unavoidable, unwelcomed and problem ridden phase of life. It is interesting that everyone wants to live a long life but not to be old. It is ironical that however undesirable it is old age has to come. We are all compelled to face the pain and pleasures of life. Old age complete the life pattern. It has its own pleasures though different from the pleasures of youth.

Aged are the truest form of wisdom.  They have lived for a long time- from generations to generations.  They teach us respect, perseverance, wisdom.  By  being  with  them  and  caring  for  them  establish  relationships.  Connecting with them we learn to grow.  We learn patience and tolerance by caring   for them.  As they have lived long they know life very well.  They  have  been  through  the  ups  and  downs  of  life.  We  learn  how  to  face  problems-  we  learn   everyone  have  to  face  problems  and  anyone  can  overcome  it.    They deal with things very deeply.  They  teach  us  to  look  at  things  in  a  deeper  level  rather  than  waddling  in  the  shallow  pool.  Aged  helps  us  to  see people  as  well  as  ourselves  differently in  a  good  way. We  learn  our  identity  and  discover  who  we  really  are  by  being  with  them.  We  become  more  self  aware  and  wiser  through  all  the   things  they  teach  and  do.  Through  their  actions  we  imbibe  better  the  seeds  they  sown  Through their  calmness  and  serenity  from  all  the  experiences  and  lessons  they  have  learnt  and  gathered  through  the  years  they  provide  us  a  better  platform  for  us  follow  and  imitate  as  actions  speak  louder  than  words.  Caring  for  them  benefits  us  in  many  ways  and  prepares   us  to  face  life  and  overcome  it.  All  the  little  things  that  we  learnt  through  caring  strengthens  us  and  help  us  to  live  life  in  fulfilment  and  satisfaction.

Why some people send their aged parents to an old age home? The answer is that some people do not want to take care of their aged parents and some people think old age home care gives the aged a better care. Most people believe that taking care of aged parents is their children’s responsibility, others think children should not take care of their aged parents. In different countries of the world, people live according to their own cultural values. I strongly agree that children should take care of their aged parents for some reasons.
To begin with, they gave us life. Parents who help us to grow up; without them we would not be in this world. It was not easy for them to bring us in this world .They provided shelter, clothes, and medicine whatever we needed at that time; also they provided education, and teach us how we could survive in this world. Parents always try to make their children able and they want to see them a successful person. Sometime parents even kill their own desire and happiness to make their children successful. Therefore, they have right to expect something from their children in their old age. Our parents sacrifices a lot of things for us in their life so, children can show their love and gratitude for aged parents by taken care of them. 

Another reason is that aged parents need better care which they only get at home because only their children know their parent habits; thus they can give them appropriate care. If we send them to an old age home, they will not feel comfortable. Caregivers do not know aged parents habits, therefore aged parents might not like caregiver service and feel sad .When people get older, their behavior changes, and they fell insecure; besides, they get angry quickly. At that moments they need somebody who could keep them happy. At this age, aged parents fell happier and secure at home, also they want to be with their children because they want more love and gratitude from their children. If their children understand aged parent’s feelings, and kept them at home they do not feel lonely and they would be glad.
Most important of all, aged parents need an appropriate environment which is possible at home .They want to see happiness and enjoyment inside their family. We should always honest with our parent about our time. We should share our fillings, and reassure the parent that we will support them and always help them.

Q 2. Read carefully the passage given below and write your answer to the questions that follow in clear, correct and concise language:        15×5=75

Man, since antiquity, has been an inveterate traveler. Only the motivations for travel have changed. In ancient times, the main motivations for travel were trade, pilgrimage and conquest. It is not often realized how extensive were the contacts among the peoples several thousand years ago. For instance, there was considerable interchange of ideas and knowledge between India and West Asia and the Gracco-Roman civilization.

Travel became the means of acquiring culture in Europe. The tradition of the Grand Tour which started in the 17^th century was more firmly established in the 18^th and the 19^th centuries by the emergence of an affluent mercantile class. After the Second World War, Europe lay in ruins. The Marshall Plan which was introduced by the United States for the revival of the economics of European countries made tourism as one of its planks. It provided large amount of money for the reconstruction of hotels and tourism infrastructure of Western Europe. What was more significant was that for the first time tourism was viewed as an engine for economic development. This made the Governments start assuming responsibility for the promotion of tourism.

          Three technological inventions have fuelled the growth of travel on a large scale in successive periods. First, the steam engine which made travel by rail and steamship possible before 1914; then the internal combustion engine which popularized travel by automobile in the inter-War years and lastly, the jet propulsion engine which has led to the international tourist explosion of the pose-war era.

          The Government of India also took note of the new phenomenon of tourism and its economic implications. In 1947, the private sector consisted of a number of hotels and travel agencies in the main cities mainly owned and operated by foreign interests. As it happened in other industries after Independence, the control of many of these hotels passed into the hands of Indian entrepreneurs. At the same time, a-number of new indigenously owned and operated travel agencies and hotels started being set up. In the last 50 years, the Indian travel industry has shown remarkable enterprise. Some of the leading Indian hotel groups and travel agencies have branched out overseas and their performance is highly regarded in the international tourism markets.

          The tourism revolution which started in full measure 50 years ago has not run its course. There are several reasons for taking a long-term optimistic view of tourism. First, the increase in leisure time in industrialized societies; paid holidays which were introduced as a social welfare measure have now become an accepted feature not only in industrialized countries but also in many developing countries. The length of paid holidays has increased. The working week, both in public and private sectors, has come down to 40 hours, spread over 5 days. Evidently Governments will have to concern themselves with the quality of used of leisure. Tourism had become a preeminent form of recreation for the younger people. This is reflected in the increase in travel in the age group of 18 to 25 years. Second, the rise in literacy and educational standards. Third better health care has made it possible for retired persons, above 60 years, to undertake travel for pleasure. Fourth the increase in discretionary incomes in real terms in the last twenty years, partly due to two income families with fewer children. Tourism is highly susceptible to income elasticity. Many research studies have established that increase in income level in real terms results in increase in propensity for travel. And lastly, taking a vacation, generally twice a year, has become a way of life in modern societies.

Q 2. (a)What, according to the author, were the main motivations for travel in ancient times?

Ans. In the ancient times, people travelled not only for trade and business, religion, sports, health, education and other specific reasons, but also for leisure and pleasure sightseeing of the new and unfamiliar areas. Trade and commerce were however, the strongest force in the ancient time, it made people travel to distant lands to seek fortunes.

 The first great travelers were the Greeks, a people who were willing to share the findings of their discoveries and observations with the rest of the world. In ancient Greece many people would travel every year to visit a series of festivals and games. Trade relations matured into cultural relations and the better understanding of each others ways of life.

          So most travel was done in the interest of welfare, diplomacy, general state building or trade. Social motivations for travel included visiting religious sites, festivals, game such as Olympic and health related reasons.

Q 2. (b)What was the state of tourism in Europe and the United States?

Ans.In the late 16^th century tourism became fashionable for young aristocrats and wealthy upper class men to travel to important European cities as a crowning touch to their education in the arts and literature, designed to enlighten Europe’s young elite. This was known as the Grand tour. A number of cities of Europe and united states were visited by these grand tourists to expose themselves to the great masterpieces. Travelling for education and social status slowly gave away to travelling for pleasure and sight seeings. After the second world war, the small hotels changed category and developed into guest houses, while the estate manors serving tourism disappeared and substituted by big hotels. The French revolution marked the end of the Grand tour and with the coming of rail transit in the early 19^th century, travel was revolutionized.

Q 2. (c) What part did technology play in the growth of tourism?

Ans.Watt’s steam engine invention in 1769 was considered the beginning of the Great Industrial Revolution, which also encompasses tourist transportation and the growth of tourism. Then followed travel boom, which gave rise to the modern tourism. The needs of tourist activities were becoming bigger since a new, rich and resilient social group spending more and more time and money on exploration and relaxation journeys, had entered the international tourism market. The implementation of the steam engine in steamboats was of more importance for tourist transport. Owing to steamboats travel became faster, cheaper, more convenient and accessible to the wider public. The second quarter of the 19th century was considered a pioneer period in rail transport. Undeniably rail transport became the main means of tourist transport. In 1888, the internal combustion engine, combining fuel, fire, and the piston to drive vehicle was introduced. The inventions and improvements in car transport relieved rail transport. The early 20th century was also the birth of aviation. The invention and construction of a flying machine by the Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur in 1903  gave a new dimension to air travel. Air tourism started in 1918 and 1919. After the jet had been built by the British in 1954, 1956 saw the beginning of jet aircraft era, and yet in 1964 turbojet and turboprop planes flew almost exclusively on long- and medium- range routes. The exact period of the development of mass airline tourism began, which allowed for travel on a global scale and at a very high level of service. So the steam engine, the internal combusation engine and the jet propulsion engine technology played an important role in the development of tourism.

Q 2. (d) How does the author describe the state of tourism in the post-Independence India?

Ans. The author describes that Government of India took significant steps in the post-independence era to promote travel and tourism in India. Before World War 11, most hotels in India were developed in locations that were frequented by the British and Indian aristocracy. This period saw the development of hotels being undertaken by individual British and Indian entrepreneurs, with only a few companies owning hotels in India. India gained independence in 1947, and the hotel industry had a period in which no hotel development took place. Late Jawaharlal Nehru, then PM of India, recognized that tourism could be an engine for the country's economic growth and was inspired to build quality hotels in India for visiting foreign dignitaries. This led to the first-ever government investment in the hotel industry with the building of the Ashoka Hotel in New Delhi. The government gave the tourism industry another boost when it created the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation in 1967

Tourism has now become a significant industry in India. It is a sun rise industry, an employment generator, a significant source of foreign exchange for the country. Tourism in India is the third largest foreign exchange earner of the country. The booming tourism industry has had a cascading effect on the hospitality sector. The major players in the Indian hotel industry include a group of Indian-owned hotel chain are highly regarded in the domestic and international tourism markets.

Q 2. (e) Why does the author think that there is bright future for tourism in modern societies?

Ans. Today Society changes continuously, and trends whether economic, social or lifestyle subsequently impact on tourism. In the past, supply always dictated demand. Today, the reverse is true. Increasing saturation of the market and more self-assertive consumers with more free disposable income and leisure time, determine the profitability of tourism suppliers. Health-consciousness is increasing day by day. Senior will be healthier and will have higher disposable incomes than in the past. Many of them will take travel for pleasure. As a result, the number of more experienced senior travellers will increase faster than the development of tourism demand in general. The average level of education is increasing. This will result in holiday making in which arts, culture and history play a more prominent role, including more educational and spiritual holidaymaking. Environmental consciousness will continue to increase. For tourism, this will result in more demand for sustainable destinations, in which nature and population will play an increasingly prominent role.The average family sized has decreased thus easier for the family to travel and travel cost less if few family members travel. Decreasing in the working day and hours ,both in public and private sectors and taking a vacation twice a year will raise domestic  and international tourism. The penetration of the internet  and its use for information and the purchasing of tourism products and services and the increasing availability of high-speed trains and low-cost carriers will continue flourish tourism. So we can say that there is a bright future for tourism in modern society.

Q 3.   Make a précis of the following passage in about one-third of its length. Do not give a title to it. The précis should be written in your own language: 75

     The work of a lawyer or a politician must contain in a more delectable form a great deal of the same pleasure that is to be derived from playing bridge. Here, of course, there is not only the exercise of skill but the outwitting of a skilled opponent. Even where this competitive element is absent, however, the performance of difficult feats is agreeable. A man who can do stunts in an aeroplane finds the pleasure so great that for the sake of it he is willing to risk his life. I imagine that an able surgeon, in spite of the painful circumstances in which his work is done, derives satisfaction from the exquisite precision of his operations. All skilled work can be pleasurable, provided the skill required is either variable or capable of indefinite improvement. If these conditions are absent, it will cease to be interesting when a man has acquired his maximum skill. A man who runs three- mile races will cease to find pleasure in this occupation when he passes the age at which he can beat his own previous record. Fortunately there is a very considerable amount of work in which new circumstances call for new skill and a man can go on improving, at any rate until he has reached middle age. In some kinds of skilled work, such as politics, for example, It seems that men are at their best between sixty and seventy, the reason being that in such occupations a wide experience of other men is essential. For this reason, successful politicians are apt to be happier at the age of seventy than any other men of equal age. Their only competitors in this respect are the men who are the heads of big businesses.

     There is, however, another element possessed by the best work, which is even more important as a source of happiness than is the exercise of skill., This is the element of constructiveness. In some work, though by no means in most, something is built up which remains as a monument when the work is completed. We may distinguish construction from destruction by the following criterion. In construction, the initial stage of affairs is comparatively haphazard, while the final state of affairs embodies a purpose; in destruction, the reverse is the case : the initial state of affairs embodies a purpose, while the final state of affairs is haphazard, that is to say, all that is intended by the destroyer is to produce a state of affairs which does not embody a certain purpose. Destruction, is of course necessary very often as a preliminary to subsequent construction; in that case it is part of a whole which is constructive. But not infrequently a man will engage in activities of which the purpose is destructive without regard to any construction that may come after. Frequently he will conceal this from himself by the belief that he is only sweeping away in order to build afresh, but it is generally possible to unmask this pretence, when it is a pretence, by asking him what the subsequent construction is to be. On this subject it will be found that he will speak vaguely and without enthusiasm, whereas on the preliminary destruction he has spoken precisely and with zest. This applies to not a few revolutionaries and militarists and other apostles of violence. They are actuated, usually without their own knowledge, by hatred; the destruction of what they hate is their real purpose, and they are comparatively indifferent to the question of what is to come after it. Now I cannot deny that in the work of destruction as in the work of construction there may be joy. It is a fiercer joy, perhaps at moments more intense, but it is less profoundly satisfying, since the result is one in which little satisfaction is to be found. You kill you enemy, and when he is dead your occupation is gone, and the satisfaction that you derive from victory quickly fades. The work of construction, on the other hand, when completed, is delightful to contemplate, and moreover is never so fully completed that there is nothing further to do about it. The most satisfactory purposes are those that lead on indefinitely from one success to another without ever coming to a dead end; and in this respect it will be found that construction is a greater source of happiness than destruction.

Ans.

Every man who has acquired some unusual skill enjoy exercising it until it has become a matter of course or until he can no longer improve himself. This motive to activity begins in early childhood, a boy who can stand on his head becomes reluctant to stand on his feet.

 A great deal of work gives the same pleasure that is to be derived from games of skill in every field. But when he gets skill, he finds no taste in it. One thing is important that one can get pleasure from all skilled work, If skill required is either variable or there is scope of infinite improvement, for example in politics, successful politician feels pleasure at the age of maturity or after having been skilled. When the question arises which is more important as a source of happiness, construction or destruction. One can find construction is a greater source of happiness than destruction. However the initial stage of construction may be unmethodical but the final stage will be justified on the other hand in destruction, one knows what he is going to do or he has a purpose but the result will be disorganized.

Perhaps it would be more correct to say that those who finds satisfaction in construction finds in it greater satisfaction than the lovers of destruction can find in destruction. For if once they have become filled with hate they will not easily derive from construction the pleasure which another man would derive from it                                                                                                                                        (249 words)    

4.(a) Rewrite the following sentences after making necessary corrections. Do not make unnecessary changes in the original sentence:     1×10 = 10

(i) The older the wine, better it tastes.

Ans.  The older the wine, the better it tastes.

Explanation - इस प्रकार के वाक्यों में Comparative degree से पहले Article ‘The’ का use होता है।

Some other examples -

A – The higher we go, the cooler we feel.

B – The more he gets, the more he wants.

C – The deeper the well is, the cooler the weather is.

D – Rudraksh is the more handsome of the two boys.

(ii) You cannot cross the bridge until you do not come to it.

Ans.You cannot cross the bridge until you come to it.

Explanation - ‘Until’ के बाद not का use नहीं होता है।

Some other examples –

A – I shall wait until \ till she comes.

B – Divya will not go to school until it stops raining.

(iii)    He asked me what was my profession.

Ans. He asked me what my profession was.

(iv) Give me a pencil to write.

Ans. Give me a pencil to write with.

(v) Netaji is one of the bravest patriot of the country.

Ans. Netaji is one of the bravest patriots of the country.

Explanation - One of the के बाद Plural noun का use होता है।

Some other examples –

A – John Milton was one of the greatest poets of England.

B – Jaipur is one of the most beautiful cities of India.

(vi) I met an one eyed beggar in the street.

Ans. I met a one eyed beggar in the street.

Explanation – One शब्द का First letter Vowel है लेकिन First sound Consonant है अतः an के स्थान पर a का use होगा।

(vii) The traders dealing with garments are jittery about the impact of GST.

Ans. The traders dealing in garments are jittery about the impact of GST.

Explanation – व्यवसाय के सम्बन्ध में यहाँ dealing with के स्थान पर dealing in का use होगा।

(viii) His efficiency soon made him the boss’s blue-eyes boy.

Ans. His efficiency soon made him the boss’s blue-eyed boy.

Explanation – Blue- eyed boy एक idiom है जिसका अर्थ होता है  "दुलारा "

- Someone’s Blue eyed-boy is a young man who they like better than anyone else and who therefore receives better treatment than other people.

(ix)    She does not know cooking, doesn’t she?

Ans. She does not know cooking, does she?

Explanation – Sentence यदि Negative है तो Question tag positive होगा।

(x)     No sooner the bell rang than the children rushed out of their classrooms.

Ans1. No sooner did the bell ring than the children rushed out of their class….

Ans2. No sooner had the bell rung than the children rushed out of their class….

Explanation – Adverbs तथा Adverbs phrases का प्रयोग sentence के स्टार्टिंग में sentence को Emphasis ( जोर देना ) करने के लिए होता है। इस case में verb का प्रयोग subject के पहले होता है। Verb का sentence के पहले प्रयोग करना Inversion कहलाता है।

Some other examples –

A – No sooner does he sing than she begins to dance.

B – Hardly \ Scarcely had he reached the station when she went to her lover.

(b)   Supply the missing words:                              1×5 = 5

(i)   The quarrel was unnecessary as they were making a mountain out of a molehill.

 Explanation - Make a mountain out of a molehill (बांबी) एक idiom है जिसका अर्थ होता है ‘राई का पहाड बनाना’।

(ii)     Let us ring in the New Year with gaiety.

Explanation – “ring in the new year” idioms – to celebrate the beginning of the year at midnight on December 31.

     Example- We are planning a big party to ring in the new year.

     - What is the origin of that phrase ‘Ring in the new year’? It seems it’s probably church bell related. It used to be customary in England to “ring out” the old year at midnight on New Year’s Eve by tolling (धीमे से घंटा बजाना , विशेषकर मृत्यु की सूचना देने के लिए ) the church bells as though for a person who had died and “ring in” the new year with a cheerful peal. (ख़ुशी से आनंद से ठहाका मारना )

There is a well known poem by Tennyson, written in 1850, that refers to this custom. This is the first verse.

          “Ring out the old, ring in the new,

          Ring, happy bells, across the snow;

          The year is going, let him go;

          Ring out the false, ring in the true.”

अतः Let us ring in the new year with gaiety का अर्थ है “आओ हम नया साल हर्षौल्लास से मनायें”

(iii)    The custom of SATI was done away with during the British period.

Explanation - ‘do away with’ एक  phrasal verb है जिसका अर्थ है ' समाप्त कर देना '

(iv)    One should not always blow one’s own trumpet.

Explanation - एक idiom है ‘Blow one’s own trumpet’ जिसका अर्थ है " अपने मुहँ मियां मिट्ठू बनना "

(v)     I cried myself loudly* to make him hear. 

  

(c)    Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets:   1×5 = 5

(i)      Bread and butter is his usual breakfast. (be)

(ii)     Some of the protestors were hit by bullets. (hit)

(iii)    When I came out of the building I saw that it was raining (rain)

(iv)    Floods may occur if it continues to rain. (occur)

(v)     I have been waiting for you since 10 O’ clock. (wait)

(d)   Write the antonyms of the following :                    1×5 = 5

(i)      Amateur - नौसिखिया , अनाड़ी , शौकीन

Meaning - Taking part in an activity for pleasure, not as a job or

                   Someone who does not have much skill in what they do.

1.  A person who regularly or occasionally engages in an activity as a pastime rather than as a profession.

     2. A person who lacks experience and competence in an art or science.

Antonyms – Professional, Expert, Wizard,  Craftsman

(ii)     Heavenly - दिव्य , सुखद

Antonyms – Awful, Earthly

(iii)    Perfect - निपुण

Antonyms – Imperfect, Unskilled

(iv)    Variable - परिवर्तनशील

Antonyms – Invariable

(v)     Vertical - लंबवत

Antonyms – Horizontal

5. (a) Rewrite each of the following sentences as directed without changing the meaning:                                     1×10 = 10

(i) The truth of the matter is too obvious to require any proof.       (Remove ‘too’)

Ans.The truth of the matter is so obvious that it cannot require any proof.

(ii) Radhika says, “I have pain in my knee.” (Change into indirect speech)

Ans. Radhika says that she has pain in her knee.

(iii) He is not hungry. He is not thirsty. (Combine the sentences using ‘neigher…..nor’)

Ans. He is neither hungry nor thirsty.

(iv)  Give him a glass of water. (Change into passive voice)

Ans. You are asked/ordered to give him a glass of water.

(v)   The prisoner was set free by the court. (change into active voice)

Ans. The court set free the prisoner.

(vi)  He was ill. He came to school. (Rewrite as one sentence beginning with ‘despite’)

Ans1. Despite his illness, he came to school. (Despite + a Noun)

Ans2. Despite having been ill, he came to school. (Despite + a Ground)

(vii) When the sun rises, the birds leave their nests. (Change into a compound sentence)

Ans. The sun rises and the birds leave their nests.

(viii) Those who come late shall be punished. (Change into simple sentence)

Ans. Latecomers shall be punished.

(ix) Both his parents died in a train accident, _________? (Add a question tag)

Ans. Didn’t they ?

         

(x)   Gold is the costliest metal. (Use comparative degree)

Ans. Gold is costlier than any other metal.

(b) Use the following words to make sentences that bring out their meaning clearly. Do not change the from of the words (No marks will be given for vague and ambiguous sentences):                           1×5 = 5

   

(i)    Evidence – साक्ष्य, प्रमाण

1.  There is not a scrap of evidence in Honeypreet’s favour.

2.  The prosecutor lost the case because he didn’t have sufficient evidence to secure a conviction.

3.  All the evidence suggests that Ram Rahim Insan raped the girl.

4.  The beauty of the female form is evidence of God’s artistry.

5.  The police could not find sufficient evidence in Ayushi murder case.

6.  British philosopher Bertrand Russell once remarked, it has been said that man is a rational animal. All my life I have searching for evidence which could support this.

(ii)   Condemnation - निंदा

1.  Pappu said, “The shortage of potatoes is the act that deserves the strongest possible condemnation. It is a failure of Modi govt. We will produce patatoes in our factories”.

2.  There was widespread international condemnation of the bombing.

3.  Mr. Modi is bitter in his condemnation of terrorism.

(iii)  Constitute - निर्माण करना , गठित करना , तैयार करना

1.  In today’s world, many people believe money and power constitute happiness.

2.  Modi’s election win constituted the largest majority in the country’s history.

3.  He is so constituted (his nature is such) that he can accept criticism without resentment.

(iv)  Territorial – देशीय, प्रादेशिक

1.  Two cats or more in one house will also exhibit territorial behavior.

2.  In Britain, the territorial’s are the members of the territorial Army.

3.  It is the only republic which has not territorial disputes with the others.

(v)  Unseemly – अनुचित, अशोभनीय

1.  It will look unseemly if you file an insurance claim on the day your husband is murdered.

2.  Her language was most unseemly.

(c) Choose the appropriate word to fill in the blanks:      1×5 = 5

(i)  He ran like a doe through the forest. (doe/dough)

Explanation – doe - हिरणी , मादा खरगोश        dough - गूँथा हुआ आटा

(ii) The teacher encouraged the students to understand things and not learn by rote (wrote/rote)

Explanation – wrote –  लिखा                           rote - रटना

(iii)  Indians were determined to throw away the yoke of foreign rule. (yolk/yoke)

Explanation – yolk – अंडे की जर्दी \ पीला भाग  yoke - दासता,  दमनकारी शासन

(iv)  After his morning prayers, the priest remained idle for the rest of the day. (idle/idol)

Explanation – idle – बेकार, निकम्मा, खाली              idol – प्रतिमा, मूर्ति

(v)     The hunter killed the bird sitting on the bough. (bow/bough)

Explanation – bow – चाप, कमान, धनुष , झुकना       bough - शाखा , टहनी , डाल

(d)    Use the following idioms/phrases in sentences of your own to bring out their meaning clearly. Do not change the form of the words: 1×5 = 5

(i)    Wild goose chase - निरर्थक खोज , व्यर्थ का प्रयास

Meaning - A worthless hunt or chase, A search that is completely unsuccessful and waste of time because the person or thing

Sentence -  The efforts of the police to arrest Vijay Malya have proved a wild goose chase.

(ii)   Crocodile tears - मगरमच्छ के आंसू , मिथ्या विलाप

Meaning - Sad emotions that are not real

Sentence - 1. She deceived him when he lost everything in his life, now again he is a rich man, she approached him to get together and shedding crocodile tears.  

Sentence - 2.Radhey maa shed crocodile tears when a news reporter         went to her.

(iii)    Sea change - आकस्मिक पूर्ण परिवर्तन

Meaning - A big and sudden change, A seemingly magical change, A sea change in someone’s attitude or behaviour is a complete change.

Sentence - 1. A sea change has taken place in young’s people’s attitude to their parents.

Sentence - 2. Television has undergone a sea change in the last ten years.

(iv)    Fool’s paradise - हवाई किले , हवाई महल

Meaning - A state of delusory happiness, A state of enjoyment based on false beliefs or hopes

Sentence - 1.      Mr. Rahul Gandhi is living in a fools’ paradise if he thinks he can get majority in the election of 2019.

Sentence - 2.      Kejriwal is confident that he’ ll get a big support of mass but I think he is living in a fool’s paradise.

(v)   On cloud nine - Extremely happy सातवें आसमान पर , अत्यधिक प्रसन्नता

        When you say that you are on cloud nine, what you mean is that you are extremely happy. You fell as if you are on top of the world.

Sentence -1. The entire team India is on cloud nine after winning the first T-20 match against New Zealand.

Sentence -2. She has been on cloud nine since she heard the news of her engagement.